Procedure
Part A:
Taxonomy & Binomial Nomenclature

• Answer questions about Taxonomy and Binomial Nomenclature in Part A of the Lab 6 Lab Report.

Part B:
Cladograms
• Use THIS Cladogram (not the one in the introduction)  to answer the question 11-13 in Part B of Lab 6 Lab Report.

The image shows a cladogram. The image shows a diagonal line from the lower left-hand corner to the upper right-hand corner. Along the diagonal line are circles with traits written in them. Branching off the diagonal line are lines leading to a variety of organisms. The first trait listed at the bottom of the diagonal line is Circular anatomy. The first branch to come off the diagonal line ends with the organism Simple circle. The second trait is Complex circles. The next branch off the diagonal line ends in the organism Pie. The next trait listed is Circles inside circles. The next branch divides with one ending with the organisms Target and the other with the organism Bullseye. The next trait listed is Faces. The next branch ends in the organism Simple face. The next trait listed is mouth. The next branch end in the organism Sad face and the diagonal line ends with Happy face at the top.

Cladograms.
How to build a Cladogram from a Table
- Place the one characteristic these organisms all have in common in the oval at the bottom of the cladogram.
- Place the characteristic that most of the organisms have in common in the oval just above the previous one.
- Write the name of any organisms that do not have the shared characteristic you wrote in the second oval in the rectangle at the top of the first branch of the cladogram.
- Continue like this until you get to the top of the Cladogram where there will be an organism that has a characteristic that none of the others have.

Use the information in Table 6.1 in the lab manual to build the Cladogram below (questions 14-23).

Fill in the Cladogram (questions 14-23) using the information in Table 6.1 above.

How to create a Table to help you make a Cladogram
- Look at the description of each organism. Create a table with a row for every characteristic given.
- Create a column for each organism named. Place an “X” in any box that that organism has.
- Find the row with a characteristic that all these organisms share.
- Just like above use this information to create a Cladogram.

Use the information provided below to complete the Table 6.2.

Use the information above to complete Table 6.2.
- Place the names of the organisms along the top (Light blue boxes).
- Place each characteristic down the first column (light gray boxes).
- Place an X next to each characteristic the organism has.
Helpful Hint: use these characteristics to complete the table: Has only 2 eyes, Heart-shaped head, Is a Gummy Monster, Open mouth, Teeth are visible. (Questions 24-58)

Use the information in the table you filled in above to build a cladogram. Place the characteristics in the ovals and the names of the organisms in the rectangles at the top of each branch (questions 59 – 68).

Now you will create a more complex table and cladogram.

Using the information provided below to complete the Table 6.3.
- Place the names of the organisms along the top (Light blue boxes).
- Place each characteristic down the first column (light gray boxes).
- Place an X next to each characteristic the organism has.
Helpful Hint – use these characteristics: Animal, Amnionic egg, Boney skeleton, Hair & Mammary glands, Opposable thumb, Vertebrate, 4 limbs. (Questions 69 – 131).

Use the information in the table you filled in to build a more complex cladogram.
- Place the characteristics in the ovals and the names of the organisms in the rectangles at the top of each branch on the next slide (questions 132 – 145). 

Part C:
Diversity & Classifications of Organisms within the Domain Eukarya
• Answer questions about organisms in the Domain Eukarya in Part C of Lab 6 Lab Report.

Part D:
Dichotomous Key
Salmon Dichotomous Key
• Salmon is an extremely popular fish across the USA, Canada and Europe. They are found on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the USA, Canada and Europe. Some of the Salmon fish species are overfished and endangered, threatened or protected. They are highly nutritious with high concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids. You should be interested to identify salmon species using a dichotomous identification key.

How to use the Dichotomous key.
• ALWAYS start with question 1, from there you are told to move to another question.
• follow along until you come to the common and scientific name for each of the salmon species shown in the figure below the Salmon dichotomous key.

Use the dichotomous key above to identify each of the salmon species in the image below.

Butterfly Dichotomous Key
• Using the dichotomous key provided below, determine the scientific name (be sure to write them correctly) for each butterfly in the image provided.
• After identifying the scientific name, research and find out the common name. Have you seen any of these butterflies before?
How to use the Dichotomous key.
• ALWAYS start with question 1, from there you are told to move to another question.
• In this key, if the hind edge of the wing is smooth you go to question 2. If the hind wing edge is wavy you jump to question 6.
• If you try to take shortcuts you will get the incorrect answer.
• If you have used the dichotomous key correctly than all 6 scientific names in the key will be used only once.
• Use the slides below to learn some basic butterfly anatomy.

Image shows important butterfly anatomy you will need to recognize while using the dichotomous key. Forewings will be at the top of the image, hindwings at the bottom. Stripes are thicker than veins. If the hindwings have a small protrusion extending from them that is a hindwing tail.
Image shows important butterfly anatomy you will need to recognize while using the dichotomous key. Spots are simple, Eye spots contain two or more rings of color. The only butterfly with a color wing border is F.

• Use dichotomous Key below and the images of the butterflies to identify them and answer questions in Part C of Lab 6 Lab Report.

Image reads: Butterfly Dichotomous Key
1.	Hind wing edge: Smooth go to 2 or wavy go to 6.
2.	Patterning: spots go to 3 or No spots Glaucopsyche xerces.
3.	Eyespots: Present Antheraea polyphemus or absent go to 4.
4.	Colored wing border: Wing border Colias philodice or No wing border Go to 5.
5.	Predominate color: White Pierris rapae or Blue Euploea mulciber.
6.	Hind wing: Tail Go to 7 or tailless go to 8.
7.	Fore wing: striped Papilio glaucus or No stripe Papilio Ulysses.
8.	Eyespots: present Go to 9 or absent Go to 11.
9.	Fore wing eyespots: Present Junonia coenia or absent go to 10.
10.	Color: Brown Caligo martia or Yellow and brown Heteronympha banksia.
11.	Patterning: Striped Danaus plexippus or No stripes Morpho Menelaus

Use the dichotomous key above to identify each of the butterflies below.

Image shows Butterfly A has a smooth hind wing, has spots, does not have eye spots, does not have a colored wing border and it is predominantly white. 
Butterfly B has a wavy hind wing edge that is tailless, it has no eyespots, and has stripes.
Butterfly C has a smooth hind wing, has spots, does not have eye spots, does not have a colored wing border and it is predominantly blue. 
Butterfly D has a wavy hind wing edge that has a tail, and it has no strips on its fore wing.
Butterfly E has a wavy hind wing edge that has a tail, and it has strips on its fore wing.
Butterfly F has a smooth hind wing, has spots, does not have eye spots, and has a colored wing border.
Butterfly G has a wavy hind wing edge that is tailless, it has eyespots, but the eyespots are not on its fore wing, and it is predominately brown.
Butterfly H has a smooth hind wing and has no spots.
Butterfly I has a wavy hind wing edge that is tailless, it has eyespots, and there are eyespots on the fore wing.
Butterfly J has a wavy hind wing edge that is tailless, it has eyespots, but there are no eyespots on the fore wing and its predominant colors are yellow and brown.
Butterfly K has a smooth hind wing, has spots, and has eye spots.
Butterfly L has a wavy hind wing edge that is tailless, it has no eyespots, and no stripes.

After you have submitted your Lab Report Via Google please go to Blackboard, select the Lecture & Lab Materials folder for this week and then select "Lab 6 Lab Report: Post Statement here when completed". Select "Write Submission" and type in "I have submitted my Lab Report Via Google docs"
This will allow me to enter a grade that you can see on Blackboard in your grade book for each lab.

Many thanks to Sarwar Jahangir for his work on the Salmon dichotomous key.

Non-majors College Biology Lab Manual © 2021 by Marie McGovern Ph.D. is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0